1. Provide explicit vocabulary instruction

• Dedicate a portion of regular classroom lessons to explicit vocabulary instruction.
• Provide repeated exposure to new words in multiple contexts, and allow sufficient practice sessions in vocabulary instruction.
• Give sufficient opportunities to use new vocabulary in a variety of contexts through activities such as discussion, writing, and extended reading.
• Provide students with strategies to make them independent vocabulary learners.

2. Provide direct and explicit comprehension strategy instruction

• Select carefully the text to use when beginning to teach a given strategy.
• Show students how to apply the strategies they are learning to different texts.
• Make sure that the text is appropriate for the reading level of students.
• Use a direct and explicit instruction lesson plan for teaching students how to use comprehension strategies.
• Provide the appropriate amount of guided practice depending on the difficulty level of the strategies that students are learning.
• Talk about comprehension strategies while teaching them.

3. Provide opportunities for extended discussion of text meaning and interpretation

• Carefully prepare for the discussion by selecting engaging materials and developing stimulating questions.
• Ask follow-up questions that help provide continuity and extend the discussion.
• Provide a task or discussion format that students can follow when they discuss text in small groups.
• Develop and practice the use of a specific "discussion protocol."

4. Increase student motivation and engagement in literacy learning

• Establish meaningful and engaging content learning goals around the essential ideas of a discipline as well as around the specific learning processes used to access those ideas.
• Provide a positive learning environment that promotes student autonomy in learning.
• Make literacy experiences more relevant to student interests, everyday life, or important current events.
• Build classroom conditions to promote higher reading engagement and conceptual learning through such strategies as goal setting, self-directed learning, and collaborative learning.

5. Make available intensive individualized interventions for struggling readers that can be provided
by qualified specialists

• Use reliable screening assessments to identify students with reading difficulties and follow up with formal and informal assessments to pinpoint each student's instructional needs.
• Select an intervention that provides an explicit instructional focus to meet each student's identified learning needs.
• Provide interventions where intensiveness matches student needs: the greater the instructional need, the more intensive the intervention.
• Assuming a high level of instructional quality, the intensity of interventions is related most directly to the size of instructional groups and amount of instructional time.